The State-of-the-Art in IC Reverse Engineering

Abstract

This paper gives an overview of the place of reverse engi- neering (RE) in the semiconductor industry, and the techniques used to obtain information from semiconductor products. The continuous drive of Moores law to increase the integration levelof silicon chips has presented major challenges to the reverse engineer, obsolescing simple teardowns, and demanding the adoption of new and more sophisticated technology to analyse chips. Hardware encryption embedded in chips adds a whole other level of difficulty to IC analysis. This paper covers product teardowns, and discusses the techniques used for system-level analysis, both hardware and software; circuit extraction, taking the chip down to the transistor level, and working back up through the interconnects to create schematics; and process analysis, looking athow a chip is made, and what it is made of. Examples are also given of each type of RE. The paper concludes with a case study of the analysisof an IC with embedded encryption hardware.